Monoclonal antibodies against the interferon receptor, with neutralizing activity against type I interferon

ABSTRACT

The invention relates to a monoclonal antibody directed against the human interferon class I receptor (IFN-R) characterized by the following properties: it recognizes the extracellular domain of the human IFN-R, and it has a neutralizing capacity against the biological properties of the human type I-IFN. It further concerns their use for the diagnosis.

CROSS-REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0001] This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/240,675, filed Feb. 2, 1999, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 08/307,588, filed Dec. 5, 1994, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,919,453, which is a National Stage of International Application No. PCT/EP93/00770, filed Mar. 30, 1993, which claims priority to European Application No. 92400902.0, filed Mar. 31, 1992.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0002]FIGS. 1A and 1B show binding of ¹²⁵I-labeled monoclonal antibodies 34F10 and 64G12 to: FIG. 1A: Daudi cells; FIG 1B: Ly28 cells. Briefly, 10⁶ cells were incubated for 2 hours at 4° C. in presence of different amounts of the labeled antibodies diluted in RPMI medium containing 10% fetal calf serum (FCS). The cells were then washed 4 times in RPMI-1% FCS and counted for bound radioactivity. Nonspecific binding was measured by incubation with a 100 fold excess of cold antibodies and subtracted from total counts.

[0003]FIGS. 2A-2D (SEQ ID NOS: 1-2) show the nucleotide and corresponding amino-acid sequence of the extracellular domain of the human IFN-R. The monoclonal antibodies were produced against recombinant soluble forms of the human interferon alpha-beta receptor (IFN-R) synthesized in either prokaryotic cells (E. coli) or a mammalian cell system (Cos cell). These soluble forms were based on the DNA sequence described in FIGS. 2A-2D (SEQ ID NOS: 1-2).

[0004]FIGS. 3A-3D (SEQ ID NOS: 3-4) show nucleotide and corresponding amino-acid sequence of the human IFN-R.

DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0005] The interferons (IFN) constitute a group of secreted proteins which exhibit a wide range of biological activities and are characterized by their capacity to induce an antiviral state in vertebrate cells (I. Gresser and M. G. Tovey, Biochem Biophys Acta 516:231 (1978)). There are three antigenic classes of IFN: alpha (α), beta (β) and gamma. IFNα and IFNβ together are known as the type I interferon.

[0006] Natural type I human interferon comprises 12 or more closely related proteins encoded by distinct genes with a high degree of structural homology (Weissmann and Weber, Prog. Nucl. Acid. Res. Mol. Biol. 33:251 (1986)).

[0007] The human IFNα locus comprises two subfamilies. The first subfamily consists of 14 non-allelic genes and 4 pseudogenes having at least 80% homology. The second subfamily, αII or omega (ω), contains 5 pseudogenes and 1 functional gene which exhibits 70% homology with the IFNα genes (Weissmann and Weber, supra).

[0008] The subtypes of IFNα have different specific activities but they possess the same biological spectrum (Streuli et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 78:2848 (1981)) and have the same cellular receptor (Agnet M. et al., Interferon 5, (I. Gresser Ed.), pg 1-22, Academic Press, London (1983)).

[0009] The interferon β (IFNβ) is encoded by a single gene which has approximately 50% homology with the IFNα genes.

[0010] The interferon α subtypes and interferon β bind to the same receptor on the cell surface.

[0011] The interferon gamma (IFN gamma) is also encoded by a single copy, which has little homology with the IFNα and IFNβ genes. The receptor for IFN gamma is distinct from the receptor of the α and β interferons.

[0012] For the purpose of the present invention, the receptor of α and β classes of IFN will be designated IFN-R. This represents natural type I receptor. The group of proteins forming natural interferon α will be designated IFNα, and type I-IFN will represent both natural IFNα, IFNω, and IFNβ.

[0013] Despite the fact that interferon is a potent antiviral agent, there is considerable evidence to suggest, that many of the characteristic symptoms of acute virus diseases such as upper respiratory tract infections are caused by an overproduction of interferon alpha. Furthermore, IFN alpha has been shown to contribute to the pathogenesis of certain chronic virus infections in experimental animals and the available evidence suggests that this is also the case for certain human chronic virus diseases such as those due to measles virus.

[0014] The interferons α are also potent immuno-regulatory molecules which stimulate polyclonal B-cell activation, enhance NK cell cytotoxicity, inhibit T-cell functions, and modulate the expression of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class 1 antigens, all of which are implicated in the induction of autoimmunity and in graft rejection. The abnormal production of interferon α is associated with a number of autoimmune diseases and inflammatory disorders including systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), type I diabetes, psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, Behcet's disease, aplastic anemia, the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and severe combined immunodeficiency disease. The presence of interferon α in the serum of patients with systemic lupus is correlated with both the clinical and humoral signs of increased disease activity. The production of interferon α in HIV positive subjects is also highly predictive of disease evolution.

[0015] Administration of interferon α has been reported to exacerbate underlying disease in patients with psoriasis and multiple sclerosis and to induce a SLE like syndrome in patients without a previous history of autoimmune disease. Interferon α has also been shown to induce glomerulonephritis in normal mice and to accelerate the outset of the spontaneous autoimmune disease of NZB/W mice.

[0016] Interferon α is also produced during the course of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) in parallel with the enhanced NK cell activity characteristic of systemic GVDH. Interferon α is the principal modulator of NK cell cytotoxicity and administration of interferon α has been shown to enhance the intestinal consequences of GVDH in normal mice.

[0017] The object of the present invention is to provide new antagonists against the biological activities of the human type I-IFN. These antagonists could be used for therapeutical, including prophylaxis purposes, in cases where the type I-IFN (IFN α/β) is abnormally produced and when this abnormal production is associated with pathological symptoms. Such antagonists could also be used for the diagnosis of various diseases or for the study of the evolution of such diseases.

[0018] In order to define such antagonists, the inventors have taken into account the fact that the human natural type I-IFN is in fact constituted of a mixture of interferons (subspecies) and the fact that the composition of this association of different subtypes of interferons varies both quantitatively and qualitatively.

[0019] Some natural interferons, such as the ones secreted by Namalwa cells (Namalwa interferon) or leukocyte (leucocyte interferon) have been studies in detail (N. B. Finter and K. H. Fautes, Interferon 2, p. 65-79 I. Gresser Editor Academic Press (1980); K. Cantell et al, Interferon 1, p. 2-25, I. Gresser Editor Academic Press (1979)) and were used by the inventors to define natural type I interferons.

[0020] In some pathological cases, like AIDS, interferons having some special properties have been described (O. T. Preble et al., Annals of New-York Academy of Sciences, p. 65-75). This interferon involved in pathological cases like AIDS nevertheless binds to the same receptor, as described above.

[0021] One object of the present invention is to provide an antagonist of the type I-IFN, which would be able to inhibit or neutralize, to a determined extent, the biological properties of the human type I-IFN, that is to say, to neutralize in vivo a mixture of α, β, ω subspecies.

[0022] Accordingly, the inventors have defined antibodies, especially monoclonal antibodies, which have the property of being antagonists to the type I-IFN. These antibodies are directed against the human type I-IFN receptor.

[0023] The invention thus also concerns the use of the monoclonal antibodies for the preparation of pharmaceutical compositions, useful for the treatment of symptoms associated with the abnormal production of type I-IFN. These monoclonal antibodies are also appropriate for the preparation of diagnosis reagents.

[0024] A monoclonal antibody according the present invention is directed against the human type I-interferon receptor (IFN-R) and is characterized by the following properties:

[0025] it recognizes the extracellular domain of the human IFN-R, and

[0026] it has a neutralizing capacity against the biological properties of the human type I-IFN.

[0027] The ability to neutralize the biological properties of type I-IFN can be estimated as a function of the capacity of the monoclonal antibody to neutralize the antiviral activity of the type I-IFN. Such a test is relevant in order to determine whether the antibody assayed is included within the scope of the invention, although it is clear that the biological properties of type I-IFN are not limited to its antiviral properties. Detailed procedures are given in the examples in order to enable to perform such a test of the antiviral activity. The cells tested can advantageously be Daudi-cells, which affinity for the type I-IFN is well known. The main steps of such a test would consist in:

[0028] incubating a determined concentration of human cells responsive to human type I-IFN, with human type I-IFN, in the presence of a determined concentration of monoclonal antibodies to be assayed, for a time sufficient to allow the formation of a complex between the monoclonal antibodies and the IFN-R of the human cells and/or between the type I-IFN and the IFN-R of the human cells;

[0029] infecting the incubated cells with a determined virus, in a determined concentration;

[0030] washing the cells;

[0031] resuspending the cells in culture medium;

[0032] incubating for a time sufficient to allow virus replication;

[0033] lysing the cells;

[0034] measuring the virus replication, or measuring the inhibition of the cytopathic effect.

[0035] The ability of the monoclonal antibodies of the invention to neutralize the biological properties of the human type I-IFN can be modulated as a function of the dose of antibodies used. Accordingly, a 100% inhibition of the biological properties, or a partial inhibition can be obtained.

[0036] According to another embodiment of the present invention, the monoclonal antibodies directed against the human type I-IFN receptor, are further characterized by the fact that they are capable of inhibiting the binding of a human type I-IFN to the human IFN-R.

[0037] A monoclonal antibody having the capacity to recognize the extracellular domain of the human IFN-R and capable of inhibiting the binding of the human type I-IFN to its receptor, can be selected by the following steps:

[0038] preincubating a determined concentration of purified monoclonal antibodies of a hybridoma culture supernatant containing monoclonal antibodies to be assayed, with human cells capable of harboring IFN-R;

[0039] adding labeled human type I-IFN, in a determined concentration, to the above preincubated medium;

[0040] incubating the medium containing the human cells, the monoclonal antibodies and the labeled type I-IFN for a time sufficient to allow an equilibrium to occur, between the monoclonal antibodies on the one hand and the type I-IFN on the other hand, with the cellular IFN-R;

[0041] washing the cells;

[0042] determining the formation of a binding complex between the human cells and the labeled type I-IFN by counting the amount of attached labeled type I-IFN.

[0043] Some of the monoclonal antibodies of the invention, have also the capacity to neutralize the antiproliferative properties of the human type I-IFN. This property can also be assayed on Daudi cells, by performing the following steps:

[0044] allowing cells to grow in presence of human type IFN and a determined concentration of mAb;

[0045] counting the cells in order to detect an inhibition of the antiproliferative effect of the human type I-IFN.

[0046] One property of a monoclonal antibody according to the invention resides in its capacity to recognize the extracellular domain of the human IFN receptor. This property of the monoclonal antibody can be assayed on human cells bearing the natural human receptor but also on the extracellular domain of a recombinant IFN-R such as expressed in a procaryotic cell, for instance in E. coli or a recombinant IFN-R such as expressed in a eucaryotic cell such as mammalian cells, for instance a CHO-cell.

[0047] This receptor can indeed present different properties, depending on the fact that it is produced in a prokaryotic or eukaryotic cell and accordingly depending on the fact that the post-translational maturation occurred or not. The inventors interestingly showed that relevant assays, to evaluate the capacity of a monoclonal antibody according to the invention, i.e., to recognize the cellular IFN-R, can be performed on a recombinant receptor expressed in mammalian cells. As a matter of fact, such recombinant receptor has the same properties as the cellular receptor, as far as its recognizing activity is concerned.

[0048] Monoclonal antibodies of the invention can be obtained against various forms of the receptor, including the complete receptor, a particular domain or a peptide characteristic of the amino acid sequence of the receptor represented in FIGS. 3A-3D (SEQ ID NOS: 3-4).

[0049] Monoclonal antibodies of the invention can, for example, be prepared against the soluble form of the receptor. A hydrosoluble polypeptide corresponding to the soluble form of the INF-R is described in FIGS. 2A-2D (SEQ ID NOS: 1-2). According to the present invention, a soluble form of the IFN-R corresponds to a peptide or a polypeptide, capable of circulating in the body.

[0050] Other monoclonal antibodies according to the invention can also be prepared against a peptide comprised in the extracellular domain of the receptor as described in FIGS. 2A-2D (SEQ ID NOS: 1-2). An advantageous peptide corresponds for instance to the amino acid sequence comprised between amino acid 1 and amino acid 229 (SEQ ID NO: 2). According to another embodiment of the invention, the antibodies can be prepared against a polypeptide modified by substitution of one or more amino acids, provided that antibodies directed against the non-modified extracellular domain of the IFN-R recognize the modified polypeptide or peptide.

[0051] Preferred monoclonal antibodies according to the invention are those which are of the IgG1 type.

[0052] Among the antibodies of the invention, an antibody which has the capacity of inhibiting the binding of the type I-IFN to its receptor is preferably characterized in that it inhibits the in vitro binding of human type IFN to the human cellular IFN-R when it is co-incubated with cells harboring the hu-IFN-R, at a concentration of antibodies equal or inferior to 100 μg/ml, preferably equal or inferior to 50 μ/ml, advantageously inferior to 20 μg/ml, more preferably in the range of approximately 0.5 to 2 μg/ml.

[0053] The inventors have shown that the high affinity binding capacity of monoclonal antibody is not sufficient to ensure that this antibody will be able to inhibit the binding activity of the human type I-IFN to the IFN-R. Nevertheless, the high affinity binding capacity of the monoclonal antibody is necessary to investigate further the ability of the antibody to inhibit the binding of the type I-IFN to its cellular receptor.

[0054] Another monoclonal antibody is characterized in that it neutralizes in vitro the antiproliferative activity of human type I-IFN on cells highly responsive to this human type I-IFN, for instance Daudi cells at a concentration in a range of 1 to 10 μg/ml.

[0055] According to another embodiment, a monoclonal antibody is also characterized in that it neutralizes in vitro the antiproliferative activity of human type IFN on cells poorly responsive to this human IFN, for instance Ly28 cells, at a concentration in a range of 50 to 100 μg/ml.

[0056] A particular group of monoclonal antibodies according to the invention is characterized in that it neutralizes the antiviral activity of the human type I-IFN, on cells highly responsive to this human type I-IFN, for instance Daudi cells at a concentration in a range of 1 to 50 μg/ml, preferably 1 to 20 μg/ml, for a concentration of type I-IFN in the range of 1 to 1000 units with reference to the international standard MRC 69/19.

[0057] Advantageously, the monoclonal antibody according to the invention is such that these antibodies do not bind to the human receptor for IFN gamma.

[0058] One particular antibody satisfying the requirements of the invention is such as it is directed against an epitope on the amino-acid sequence comprised between amino-acid 27 and amino-acid 427 of the extracellular domain of the human IFN-R as represented in FIGS. 2A-2D (SEQ ID NOS: 1-2).

[0059] One particularly interesting monoclonal antibody according to the invention is the antibody designated 64G12 under No. 92022605 which has been deposited at the ECACC (European Collection of Animal Cell Cultures Porton Down Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 056, United Kingdom) on Feb. 26, 1992.

[0060] These antibodies may be prepared by conventional methods involving the preparation of hybridoma cells by the fusion of myeloma cells and spleen cells of an animal immunized beforehand with the peptide antigen, on the conditions such that the antigen against which the antibodies are formed is constituted by the extracellular domain of IFN-R or any polypeptide or peptide of this domain.

[0061] The hybridomas are constructed according to the protocol of Kohler and Milstein (Nature 256:495-497 (1974)). For example, the hybridomas are derived from the fusion of the spleen cells described above with NS1 mouse (BalbC) HGPRT as myeloma cell.

[0062] A second procedure for the production of monoclonal antibodies according to the invention consists in carrying out the fusion between B-cells of blood immortalized with the Epstein/Barr virus and human B lymphocytes placed beforehand in contact with the extracellular domain or a fragment thereof of the IFN-R, against which it is decided to form monoclonal antibodies. B-cells placed in contact beforehand with the extracellular domain of IFN-R or fragment thereof against which it is decided for form monoclonal antibodies, may be obtained by in vitro culture contacted with the antigens, the recovery of the B-cells coated with these antigens being preceded by one or several cycles of stimulation.

[0063] The invention thus concerns human antibodies as obtained by carrying out the above procedure, having the above defined properties.

[0064] The invention also aims at providing a monoclonal antibody characterized in that the variable or complementary determining regions of its heavy and/or light chains are grafted on the framework and/or constant regions of a human antibody.

[0065] The invention further provides a composition having antagonist properties for the biological properties of the human type I-IFN, characterized in that it comprises monoclonal antibodies as defined above.

[0066] Accordingly, the invention provides a pharmaceutical composition characterized in that it comprises monoclonal antibodies as defined above, together with an appropriate pharmaceutical vehicle.

[0067] The invention also concerns the use of a monoclonal antibody as defined above, for the manufacture of a drug for the treatment or prophylaxis of a pathological state or symptoms associated with overproduction of type I-IFN.

[0068] According to a first example, the antibodies can be used in a pharmaceutical composition, for the treatment of allograft rejection.

[0069] According to another example, antibodies of the invention are used as active principle in a pharmaceutical composition for the treatment of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Such diseases include systemic lupus erythematosus, type 1 diabetes, psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, Behcet's disease, asplastic anemia, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), and severe combined immunodeficiency disease.

[0070] Treatment of acute virus diseases can also be performed with the antibodies of the invention. As an example, upper respiratory tract infections, chronic virus infections such as those due to measles virus, can be performed.

[0071] The antibodies of the invention can also be used for the in vitro diagnosis of the presence of the human type I-IFN receptor or cells.

[0072] Further details and additional information will arise from the description of the examples and from the figures.

EXAMPLES 1 Synthesis of the Soluble Receptors: Synthesis in E coli

[0073] A fragment of DNA containing the sequence coding for the extracellular domain (amino acids 27 to 427) of the human INF-R (FIGS. 2A-2D) (SEQ ID NOS: 1-2), in which an extra-sequence coding for 5 histidyl residues was introduced just before the termination codon, was cloned in the expression vectors pKK233-2. This fragment was produced by the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and the resulting plasmids were sequenced to confirm both in-frame insertion with the Shine-Dalgarno sequence and the appropriate sequence coding for the receptor.

[0074] The poly-histidyl tail introduced into the recombinant protein enables it to be purified rapidly by affinity chromatography on a chelated nickel support (NTA column) as described previously (Hochuli E. et al., Bio/technology 1321-1325(1988)).

[0075] The plasmid was introduced into the E. coli strain, JM105, and protein synthesis induced by addition of IPTG to the culture medium (pKK233-2, tac promoter).

[0076] Proteins were extracted from the bacterial pellet and the soluble receptor purified to homogeneity by affinity chromatography as described hereafter. This procedure yielded a protein that migrates as 2 bands around 50 kDa under reducing conditions and three bands under non-reducing conditions. The maximum concentration of the protein obtained by different procedures was approximately 20 μg/ml.

[0077] The N-terminal sequence of the two proteins detected by gel electrophoresis has shown that both proteins are the expected fragment of the receptor.

[0078] Synthesis and purification of an unglycosylated soluble receptor:

[0079] Using the same PCR approach, we also constructed an expression vector coding for the IFN-R amino-acid sequence 1-427, with an additional 5-histidyl residues at the C-terminus, inserted in expression vector pXMT-3. The exact nucleotide sequence of the insert was also confirmed.

[0080] The resulting plasmid was introduced by electroporation into Cos7 cells for transient expression, and the recombinant protein was purified to homogeneity by affinity chromatography followed by ion exchange chromatography on mono-Q (Pharmacia), as described hereafter.

[0081] Purification of the soluble IFN-R from Cos7 Cells:

[0082] This purification yielded to a 76 kDa protein whose N-terminal sequence corresponds to the predicted receptor sequence with some heterogeneity in the processing of the leader sequence.

Example 2 Production of Monoclonal Antibodies Against the Interferon Type I Receptor

[0083] Production of the monoclonal antibodies. Mice were immunized by injection of recombinant soluble interferon (r sIFN-R) purified from E. coli or from a culture supernatant of Cos7 cells. Initially, mice were injected both intraperitoneally and subcutaneously with the purified protein in complete Freund's adjuvant. Subsequently, mice were injected once a week intraperitoneally with the purified proteins diluted in buffered saline solution. Ten micrograms of recombinant proteins were injected each time.

[0084] After the fourth injection, blood was collected and the presence of specific serum antibodies were tested by both ELISA and Western blot against the recombinant receptor. The strongest responders were then boosted with a total of 10 μg of antigen half of which was injected intravenously and half intraperitoneally.

[0085] Cell fusion. Four days after boosting, spleen cells from the immunized animal were collected and fused to NS1 (mouse) (Balbc) HGPRT myeloma cells according to the method described by S. Fazekas et al., J. Immunol. Methods 35:1-32 (1980). Briefly, 5×10⁷ spleen cells were fused to 3×10⁷ myeloma cells in 1 ml of polyethylene glycol solution and distributed in five 96 well plates on a peritoneal macrophage feeder layer in HAT (hypoxanthine, aminoprotein and thymidine) medium. This procedure was repeated 4 times as 20×10⁷ spleen cells were obtained from the immunized mouse. Screening for specific hybridomas was undertaken when large colonies were detectable in culture wells.

[0086] For the screening, presence of specific antibodies was determined by a direct ELISA method:

[0087] (a) ELISA plates were coated overnight at 4° C. with purified E. coli-expressed or Cos7 cell-expressed sIFN-R diluted in PBS. Plates coated with BSA were used to detect non-specific binding,

[0088] (b) Plates were saturated by incubation with 3% BSA in PBS for 1 hour at 37° C.,

[0089] (c) Plates were incubated for 4 hours at room temperature with hybridoma supernatants diluted 1 in 4 with PBS-0.5% Tween 20,

[0090] (d) Bound antibodies were detected by a two-step procedure, comprising a first incubation with goat anti-mouse biotinylated immunoglobulin followed by streptavidin-horseradish peroxidase complex (both from Amersham and diluted 1/1000 in PBS-0.05% Tween 20).

[0091] Positive antibody secreting hybridomas were passaged in 24 well plates on a spleen cell feeder layer and their reactivity was again check by ELISA, and Western-blot.

[0092] Identification of reactivity to the natural interferon type I receptor. The reactivity of the monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) recognizing the recombinant sIFN-R was tested against the natural class I receptor expressed at the surface of Daudi cells, by membrane immunofluorescence. Briefly, 5×10⁵ Daudi cells were incubated in 100 μl of culture supernatant of chosen hybridomas for 30 min at 4° C. The cells were then washed 4 times in RPMI medium containing 1% BSA and further incubated with a diluted FITC labeled goat and anti-mouse F(ab′)₂ for 30 min at 4° C. The cells were finally analyzed by flow cytometry after washing. One of the 35 tested antibodies produced against the E. coli recombinant receptor and 5 of the 6 tested antibodies produced against the COS recombinant receptor were found to recognize the natural receptor on the Daudi cells.

[0093] Cloning of these hybridomas was then performed by limiting dilution. The isotype of these mAbs was determined by an ELISA method using isotype specific antibodies. All 6 mAbs were found to be IgG₁ with kappa light chains. A summary of the reactivity of these 6 mAbs is given in Table 1.

[0094] Monoclonal antibodies were purified from culture supernatants by protein G chromatography. TABLE 1 Reactivity of the anti IFN-R monoclonal antibodies Reactivity against * the cellular Reactivity against the recombinant receptor receptor E. COLI COS immuno- ELISA WESTERN ELISA WESTERN fluorescence 34F10 + + + + + 64G12 + + + + + 63F6 − − + + + 64G2 weak 64D10 65D8

Example 3 Inhibition of the Binding of Interferon to Human Cell Lines

[0095] Inhibition of interferon binding to human cells was assayed as follows. 10⁶ cells were preincubated at 4° C. for 30 min with various dilutions of hybridoma culture supernatants or purified mAbs or with medium alone. ¹²⁵I-labelled IFN alpha 8 or alpha 2 was added at the concentration of 100 pM and cells incubated for a further 2 hours at 4° C. These incubations were performed in RPMI medium containing 20 mM HEPES pH 7.4 and 10% fetal calf serum (FCS). The cells were finally washed 4 times with RPMI-1% FCS and counted to determine bound radioactivity.

[0096] The mAb secreted by the hybridoma line 64G12 (latter named mAb 64G12) was shown in this assay to inhibit the binding of labeled IFN to the cells in a dose-dependent manner. 50% inhibition of binding to the Daudi cells (Burkitt lymphoma cell line; Klein et al., Cancer Research, 28:1300-1310 (1968)) was obtained at a mAb concentration of 0.4 μg/ml. The same inhibition was obtained with K562 cells (chronic myelogenous leukemia, Lozzio and Lozzio, Cell, 45:321-334 (1975)) but 50% inhibition was obtained at 11 μg/ml for HL60 cells (Promyelocytic leukemia, Collins S. J. et al., Nature 270:347-349 (1977)) and 60 μg/ml for Ly28 cells (Klein, G. et al., Int. J. Cancer 10:44-57 (1972)). TABLE 2 The inhibition of binding of labeled IFN alpha 2 to various cell lines by mAB64G12 Cell line Concentration of mAB which gives 50% inhibition of binding Daudi 0.4 μg/ml K562 HL60 11 μg/ml Ly28 60 μg/ml

[0097] The difference in the mAb concentration at which 50% inhibition of binding of IFN is obtained has been investigated by direct binding of ¹²⁵I-labelled mABs 64G12 and 34F10 to the same cell lines and Scatchard plot analysis of the results. In the concentration range of 0.1 to 1.5 μg/ml, a high affinity binding of the mAb 34F10 (≈10 nM) was seen on all cell lines whereas a high affinity binding of mAB 64G12 was only detected on Daudi and K562 cells (FIGS. 1A and 1B).

Example 4 Inhibition of the Function of Type I Interferon

[0098] Functional inhibition of type I interferon by the purified mAb 64G12 was demonstrated in an antiviral assay on Daudi cells using either recombinant IFN alpha 1, IFN beta and IFN omega, or purified Namalwa and leucocyte interferons, and in an antiproliferative assay with recombinant IFN alpha 2.

[0099] Antiviral activity. An antiviral assay on Daudi cells was performed as described (M. Dron and M G. Tovey, J. Gen. Virol. 64:2641-2647, 1983)). Cells (0.5×10⁶/ml) were incubated for 24 hours in the presence of interferon and antibodies. 10⁶ cells in 1 ml were then infected for 1 hour at 37° C. with Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) then washed 3 times, resuspended in culture medium and incubated for 18 hours at 37° C. Cells were then lysed by freeze-thawing and virus replication measured by titration of the supernatants on L929 cells. A dose-dependent inhibition of the antiviral activity of the various subtypes of type I IFN was demonstrated for the purified mAb 64G12.

[0100] For the antiviral assay with the Wish cells, cells were incubated for 24 hours with various concentrations of interferons in the presence of the mAbs prior to challenge with VSV. In this assay, the mAb 64G12 was demonstrated to block completely the antiviral activity of Leukocyte IFN (50 U/ml), recombinant IFN alpha 2 (50 U/ml) and interferon from the sera of AIDS patients (50, 75 and 150 U/ml).

[0101] Antiproliferative activity. For the antiproliferative assay, Daudi cells were seeded at a concentration of 10⁵ cells per ml in a 96 well plate in the presence of interferon and purified inhibitory or control antibody. Cells were then counted after 24, 48 and 72 hours with a Coulter counter and checked for viability by trypan blue exclusion. Purified mAb 64G12 demonstrated a dose-dependent inhibition of the antiproliferative activity of interferon alpha 2.

1 4 1 1343 DNA Homo sapiens CDS (27)..(1334) 1 ctgcagggat ctgcggcggc tcccag atg atg gtc gtc ctc ctg ggc gcg acg 53 Met Met Val Val Leu Leu Gly Ala Thr 1 5 acc cta gtg ctc gtc gcc gtg ggc cca tgg gtg ttg tcc gca gcc gca 101 Thr Leu Val Leu Val Ala Val Gly Pro Trp Val Leu Ser Ala Ala Ala 10 15 20 25 ggt gga aaa aat cta aaa tct cct caa aaa gta gag gtc gac atc ata 149 Gly Gly Lys Asn Leu Lys Ser Pro Gln Lys Val Glu Val Asp Ile Ile 30 35 40 gat gac aac ttt atc ctg agg tgg aac agg agc gat gag tct gtc ggg 197 Asp Asp Asn Phe Ile Leu Arg Trp Asn Arg Ser Asp Glu Ser Val Gly 45 50 55 aat gtg act ttt tca ttc gat tat caa aaa act ggg atg gat aat tgg 245 Asn Val Thr Phe Ser Phe Asp Tyr Gln Lys Thr Gly Met Asp Asn Trp 60 65 70 ata aaa ttg tct ggg tgt cag aat att act agt acc aaa tgc aac ttt 293 Ile Lys Leu Ser Gly Cys Gln Asn Ile Thr Ser Thr Lys Cys Asn Phe 75 80 85 tct tca ctc aag ctg aat gtt tat gaa gaa att aaa ttg cgt ata aga 341 Ser Ser Leu Lys Leu Asn Val Tyr Glu Glu Ile Lys Leu Arg Ile Arg 90 95 100 105 gca gaa aaa gaa aac act tct tca tgg tat gag gtt gac tca ttt aca 389 Ala Glu Lys Glu Asn Thr Ser Ser Trp Tyr Glu Val Asp Ser Phe Thr 110 115 120 cca ttt cgc aaa gct cag att ggt cct cca gaa gta cat tta gaa gct 437 Pro Phe Arg Lys Ala Gln Ile Gly Pro Pro Glu Val His Leu Glu Ala 125 130 135 gaa gat aag gca ata gtg ata cac atc tct cct gga aca aaa gat agt 485 Glu Asp Lys Ala Ile Val Ile His Ile Ser Pro Gly Thr Lys Asp Ser 140 145 150 gtt atg tgg gct ttg gat ggt tta agc ttt aca tat agc tta ctt atc 533 Val Met Trp Ala Leu Asp Gly Leu Ser Phe Thr Tyr Ser Leu Leu Ile 155 160 165 tgg aaa aac tct tca ggt gta gaa gaa agg att gaa aat att tat tcc 581 Trp Lys Asn Ser Ser Gly Val Glu Glu Arg Ile Glu Asn Ile Tyr Ser 170 175 180 185 aga cat aaa att tat aaa ctc tca cca gag act act tat tgt cta aaa 629 Arg His Lys Ile Tyr Lys Leu Ser Pro Glu Thr Thr Tyr Cys Leu Lys 190 195 200 gtt aaa gca gca cta ctt acg tca tgg aaa att ggt gtc tat agt cca 677 Val Lys Ala Ala Leu Leu Thr Ser Trp Lys Ile Gly Val Tyr Ser Pro 205 210 215 gta cat tgt ata aag acc aca gtt gaa aat gaa cta cct cca cca gaa 725 Val His Cys Ile Lys Thr Thr Val Glu Asn Glu Leu Pro Pro Pro Glu 220 225 230 aat ata gaa gtc agt gtc caa aat cag aac tat gtt ctt aaa tgg gat 773 Asn Ile Glu Val Ser Val Gln Asn Gln Asn Tyr Val Leu Lys Trp Asp 235 240 245 tat aca tat gca aac atg acc ttt caa gtt cag tgg ctc cac gcc ttt 821 Tyr Thr Tyr Ala Asn Met Thr Phe Gln Val Gln Trp Leu His Ala Phe 250 255 260 265 tta aaa agg aat cct gga aac cat ttg tat aaa tgg aaa caa ata cct 869 Leu Lys Arg Asn Pro Gly Asn His Leu Tyr Lys Trp Lys Gln Ile Pro 270 275 280 gac tgt gaa aat gtc aaa act acc cag tgt gtc ttt cct caa aac gtt 917 Asp Cys Glu Asn Val Lys Thr Thr Gln Cys Val Phe Pro Gln Asn Val 285 290 295 ttc caa aaa gga att tac ctt ctc cgc gta caa gca tct gat gga aat 965 Phe Gln Lys Gly Ile Tyr Leu Leu Arg Val Gln Ala Ser Asp Gly Asn 300 305 310 aac aca tct ttt tgg tct gaa gag ata aag ttt gat act gaa ata caa 1013 Asn Thr Ser Phe Trp Ser Glu Glu Ile Lys Phe Asp Thr Glu Ile Gln 315 320 325 gct ttc cta ctt cct cca gtc ttt aac att aga tcc ctt agt gat tca 1061 Ala Phe Leu Leu Pro Pro Val Phe Asn Ile Arg Ser Leu Ser Asp Ser 330 335 340 345 ttc cat atc tat atc ggt gct cca aaa cag tct gga aac acg cct gtg 1109 Phe His Ile Tyr Ile Gly Ala Pro Lys Gln Ser Gly Asn Thr Pro Val 350 355 360 atc cag gat tat cca ctg att tat gaa att att ttt tgg gaa aac act 1157 Ile Gln Asp Tyr Pro Leu Ile Tyr Glu Ile Ile Phe Trp Glu Asn Thr 365 370 375 tca aat gct gag aga aaa att atc gag aaa aaa act gat gtt aca gtt 1205 Ser Asn Ala Glu Arg Lys Ile Ile Glu Lys Lys Thr Asp Val Thr Val 380 385 390 cct aat ttg aaa cca ctg act gta tat tgt gtg aaa gcc aga gca cac 1253 Pro Asn Leu Lys Pro Leu Thr Val Tyr Cys Val Lys Ala Arg Ala His 395 400 405 acc atg gat gaa aag ctg aat aaa agc agt gtt ttt agt gac gct gta 1301 Thr Met Asp Glu Lys Leu Asn Lys Ser Ser Val Phe Ser Asp Ala Val 410 415 420 425 tgt gag aaa aca aaa cca gga aat acc tct aaa tgaggtacc 1343 Cys Glu Lys Thr Lys Pro Gly Asn Thr Ser Lys 430 435 2 436 PRT Homo sapiens 2 Met Met Val Val Leu Leu Gly Ala Thr Thr Leu Val Leu Val Ala Val 1 5 10 15 Gly Pro Trp Val Leu Ser Ala Ala Ala Gly Gly Lys Asn Leu Lys Ser 20 25 30 Pro Gln Lys Val Glu Val Asp Ile Ile Asp Asp Asn Phe Ile Leu Arg 35 40 45 Trp Asn Arg Ser Asp Glu Ser Val Gly Asn Val Thr Phe Ser Phe Asp 50 55 60 Tyr Gln Lys Thr Gly Met Asp Asn Trp Ile Lys Leu Ser Gly Cys Gln 65 70 75 80 Asn Ile Thr Ser Thr Lys Cys Asn Phe Ser Ser Leu Lys Leu Asn Val 85 90 95 Tyr Glu Glu Ile Lys Leu Arg Ile Arg Ala Glu Lys Glu Asn Thr Ser 100 105 110 Ser Trp Tyr Glu Val Asp Ser Phe Thr Pro Phe Arg Lys Ala Gln Ile 115 120 125 Gly Pro Pro Glu Val His Leu Glu Ala Glu Asp Lys Ala Ile Val Ile 130 135 140 His Ile Ser Pro Gly Thr Lys Asp Ser Val Met Trp Ala Leu Asp Gly 145 150 155 160 Leu Ser Phe Thr Tyr Ser Leu Leu Ile Trp Lys Asn Ser Ser Gly Val 165 170 175 Glu Glu Arg Ile Glu Asn Ile Tyr Ser Arg His Lys Ile Tyr Lys Leu 180 185 190 Ser Pro Glu Thr Thr Tyr Cys Leu Lys Val Lys Ala Ala Leu Leu Thr 195 200 205 Ser Trp Lys Ile Gly Val Tyr Ser Pro Val His Cys Ile Lys Thr Thr 210 215 220 Val Glu Asn Glu Leu Pro Pro Pro Glu Asn Ile Glu Val Ser Val Gln 225 230 235 240 Asn Gln Asn Tyr Val Leu Lys Trp Asp Tyr Thr Tyr Ala Asn Met Thr 245 250 255 Phe Gln Val Gln Trp Leu His Ala Phe Leu Lys Arg Asn Pro Gly Asn 260 265 270 His Leu Tyr Lys Trp Lys Gln Ile Pro Asp Cys Glu Asn Val Lys Thr 275 280 285 Thr Gln Cys Val Phe Pro Gln Asn Val Phe Gln Lys Gly Ile Tyr Leu 290 295 300 Leu Arg Val Gln Ala Ser Asp Gly Asn Asn Thr Ser Phe Trp Ser Glu 305 310 315 320 Glu Ile Lys Phe Asp Thr Glu Ile Gln Ala Phe Leu Leu Pro Pro Val 325 330 335 Phe Asn Ile Arg Ser Leu Ser Asp Ser Phe His Ile Tyr Ile Gly Ala 340 345 350 Pro Lys Gln Ser Gly Asn Thr Pro Val Ile Gln Asp Tyr Pro Leu Ile 355 360 365 Tyr Glu Ile Ile Phe Trp Glu Asn Thr Ser Asn Ala Glu Arg Lys Ile 370 375 380 Ile Glu Lys Lys Thr Asp Val Thr Val Pro Asn Leu Lys Pro Leu Thr 385 390 395 400 Val Tyr Cys Val Lys Ala Arg Ala His Thr Met Asp Glu Lys Leu Asn 405 410 415 Lys Ser Ser Val Phe Ser Asp Ala Val Cys Glu Lys Thr Lys Pro Gly 420 425 430 Asn Thr Ser Lys 435 3 1755 DNA Homo sapiens CDS (27)..(1697) 3 ctgcagggat ctgcggcggc tcccag atg atg gtc gtc ctc ctg ggc gcg acg 53 Met Met Val Val Leu Leu Gly Ala Thr 1 5 acc cta gtg ctc gtc gcc gtg ggc cca tgg gtg ttg tcc gca gcc gca 101 Thr Leu Val Leu Val Ala Val Gly Pro Trp Val Leu Ser Ala Ala Ala 10 15 20 25 ggt gga aaa aat cta aaa tct cct caa aaa gta gag gtc gac atc ata 149 Gly Gly Lys Asn Leu Lys Ser Pro Gln Lys Val Glu Val Asp Ile Ile 30 35 40 gat gac aac ttt atc ctg agg tgg aac agg agc gat gag tct gtc ggg 197 Asp Asp Asn Phe Ile Leu Arg Trp Asn Arg Ser Asp Glu Ser Val Gly 45 50 55 aat gtg act ttt tca ttc gat tat caa aaa act ggg atg gat aat tgg 245 Asn Val Thr Phe Ser Phe Asp Tyr Gln Lys Thr Gly Met Asp Asn Trp 60 65 70 ata aaa ttg tct ggg tgt cag aat att act agt acc aaa tgc aac ttt 293 Ile Lys Leu Ser Gly Cys Gln Asn Ile Thr Ser Thr Lys Cys Asn Phe 75 80 85 tct tca ctc aag ctg aat gtt tat gaa gaa att aaa ttg cgt ata aga 341 Ser Ser Leu Lys Leu Asn Val Tyr Glu Glu Ile Lys Leu Arg Ile Arg 90 95 100 105 gca gaa aaa gaa aac act tct tca tgg tat gag gtt gac tca ttt aca 389 Ala Glu Lys Glu Asn Thr Ser Ser Trp Tyr Glu Val Asp Ser Phe Thr 110 115 120 cca ttt cgc aaa gct cag att ggt cct cca gaa gta cat tta gaa gct 437 Pro Phe Arg Lys Ala Gln Ile Gly Pro Pro Glu Val His Leu Glu Ala 125 130 135 gaa gat aag gca ata gtg ata cac atc tct cct gga aca aaa gat agt 485 Glu Asp Lys Ala Ile Val Ile His Ile Ser Pro Gly Thr Lys Asp Ser 140 145 150 gtt atg tgg gct ttg gat ggt tta agc ttt aca tat agc tta ctt atc 533 Val Met Trp Ala Leu Asp Gly Leu Ser Phe Thr Tyr Ser Leu Leu Ile 155 160 165 tgg aaa aac tct tca ggt gta gaa gaa agg att gaa aat att tat tcc 581 Trp Lys Asn Ser Ser Gly Val Glu Glu Arg Ile Glu Asn Ile Tyr Ser 170 175 180 185 aga cat aaa att tat aaa ctc tca cca gag act act tat tgt cta aaa 629 Arg His Lys Ile Tyr Lys Leu Ser Pro Glu Thr Thr Tyr Cys Leu Lys 190 195 200 gtt aaa gca gca cta ctt acg tca tgg aaa att ggt gtc tat agt cca 677 Val Lys Ala Ala Leu Leu Thr Ser Trp Lys Ile Gly Val Tyr Ser Pro 205 210 215 gta cat tgt ata aag acc aca gtt gaa aat gaa cta cct cca cca gaa 725 Val His Cys Ile Lys Thr Thr Val Glu Asn Glu Leu Pro Pro Pro Glu 220 225 230 aat ata gaa gtc agt gtc caa aat cag aac tat gtt ctt aaa tgg gat 773 Asn Ile Glu Val Ser Val Gln Asn Gln Asn Tyr Val Leu Lys Trp Asp 235 240 245 tat aca tat gca aac atg acc ttt caa gtt cag tgg ctc cac gcc ttt 821 Tyr Thr Tyr Ala Asn Met Thr Phe Gln Val Gln Trp Leu His Ala Phe 250 255 260 265 tta aaa agg aat cct gga aac cat ttg tat aaa tgg aaa caa ata cct 869 Leu Lys Arg Asn Pro Gly Asn His Leu Tyr Lys Trp Lys Gln Ile Pro 270 275 280 gac tgt gaa aat gtc aaa act acc cag tgt gtc ttt cct caa aac gtt 917 Asp Cys Glu Asn Val Lys Thr Thr Gln Cys Val Phe Pro Gln Asn Val 285 290 295 ttc caa aaa gga att tac ctt ctc cgc gta caa gca tct gat gga aat 965 Phe Gln Lys Gly Ile Tyr Leu Leu Arg Val Gln Ala Ser Asp Gly Asn 300 305 310 aac aca tct ttt tgg tct gaa gag ata aag ttt gat act gaa ata caa 1013 Asn Thr Ser Phe Trp Ser Glu Glu Ile Lys Phe Asp Thr Glu Ile Gln 315 320 325 gct ttc cta ctt cct cca gtc ttt aac att aga tcc ctt agt gat tca 1061 Ala Phe Leu Leu Pro Pro Val Phe Asn Ile Arg Ser Leu Ser Asp Ser 330 335 340 345 ttc cat atc tat atc ggt gct cca aaa cac tct gga aac acg cct gtg 1109 Phe His Ile Tyr Ile Gly Ala Pro Lys His Ser Gly Asn Thr Pro Val 350 355 360 atc cag gat tat cca ctg att tat gaa att att ttt tgg gaa aac act 1157 Ile Gln Asp Tyr Pro Leu Ile Tyr Glu Ile Ile Phe Trp Glu Asn Thr 365 370 375 tca aat gct gag aga aaa att atc gag aaa aaa act gat gtt aca gtt 1205 Ser Asn Ala Glu Arg Lys Ile Ile Glu Lys Lys Thr Asp Val Thr Val 380 385 390 cct aat ttg aaa cca ctg act gta tat tgt gtg aaa gcc aga gca cac 1253 Pro Asn Leu Lys Pro Leu Thr Val Tyr Cys Val Lys Ala Arg Ala His 395 400 405 acc atg gat gaa aag ctg aat aaa agc agt gtt ttt agt gac gct gta 1301 Thr Met Asp Glu Lys Leu Asn Lys Ser Ser Val Phe Ser Asp Ala Val 410 415 420 425 tgt gag aaa aca aaa cca gga aat acc tct aaa att tgg ctt ata gtt 1349 Cys Glu Lys Thr Lys Pro Gly Asn Thr Ser Lys Ile Trp Leu Ile Val 430 435 440 gga att tgt att gca tta ttt gct ctc ccg ttt gtc att tat gct gcg 1397 Gly Ile Cys Ile Ala Leu Phe Ala Leu Pro Phe Val Ile Tyr Ala Ala 445 450 455 aaa gtc ttc ttg aga tgc atc aat tat gtc ttc ttt cca tca ctt aaa 1445 Lys Val Phe Leu Arg Cys Ile Asn Tyr Val Phe Phe Pro Ser Leu Lys 460 465 470 cct tct tcc agt ata gat gag tat ttc tct gaa cag cca ttg aag aat 1493 Pro Ser Ser Ser Ile Asp Glu Tyr Phe Ser Glu Gln Pro Leu Lys Asn 475 480 485 ctt ctg ctt tca act tct gag gaa caa atc gaa aaa tgt ttc ata att 1541 Leu Leu Leu Ser Thr Ser Glu Glu Gln Ile Glu Lys Cys Phe Ile Ile 490 495 500 505 gaa aat ata agc aca att gct aca gta gaa gaa act aat caa act gat 1589 Glu Asn Ile Ser Thr Ile Ala Thr Val Glu Glu Thr Asn Gln Thr Asp 510 515 520 gaa gat cat aaa aaa tac agt tcc caa act agc caa gat tca gga aat 1637 Glu Asp His Lys Lys Tyr Ser Ser Gln Thr Ser Gln Asp Ser Gly Asn 525 530 535 tat tct aat gaa gat gaa agc gaa agt aaa aca agt gaa gaa cta cag 1685 Tyr Ser Asn Glu Asp Glu Ser Glu Ser Lys Thr Ser Glu Glu Leu Gln 540 545 550 cag gac ttt gta tgaccagaaa tgaactgtgt caagtataag gtttttcagc 1737 Gln Asp Phe Val 555 aggagttaca ctggtacc 1755 4 557 PRT Homo sapiens 4 Met Met Val Val Leu Leu Gly Ala Thr Thr Leu Val Leu Val Ala Val 1 5 10 15 Gly Pro Trp Val Leu Ser Ala Ala Ala Gly Gly Lys Asn Leu Lys Ser 20 25 30 Pro Gln Lys Val Glu Val Asp Ile Ile Asp Asp Asn Phe Ile Leu Arg 35 40 45 Trp Asn Arg Ser Asp Glu Ser Val Gly Asn Val Thr Phe Ser Phe Asp 50 55 60 Tyr Gln Lys Thr Gly Met Asp Asn Trp Ile Lys Leu Ser Gly Cys Gln 65 70 75 80 Asn Ile Thr Ser Thr Lys Cys Asn Phe Ser Ser Leu Lys Leu Asn Val 85 90 95 Tyr Glu Glu Ile Lys Leu Arg Ile Arg Ala Glu Lys Glu Asn Thr Ser 100 105 110 Ser Trp Tyr Glu Val Asp Ser Phe Thr Pro Phe Arg Lys Ala Gln Ile 115 120 125 Gly Pro Pro Glu Val His Leu Glu Ala Glu Asp Lys Ala Ile Val Ile 130 135 140 His Ile Ser Pro Gly Thr Lys Asp Ser Val Met Trp Ala Leu Asp Gly 145 150 155 160 Leu Ser Phe Thr Tyr Ser Leu Leu Ile Trp Lys Asn Ser Ser Gly Val 165 170 175 Glu Glu Arg Ile Glu Asn Ile Tyr Ser Arg His Lys Ile Tyr Lys Leu 180 185 190 Ser Pro Glu Thr Thr Tyr Cys Leu Lys Val Lys Ala Ala Leu Leu Thr 195 200 205 Ser Trp Lys Ile Gly Val Tyr Ser Pro Val His Cys Ile Lys Thr Thr 210 215 220 Val Glu Asn Glu Leu Pro Pro Pro Glu Asn Ile Glu Val Ser Val Gln 225 230 235 240 Asn Gln Asn Tyr Val Leu Lys Trp Asp Tyr Thr Tyr Ala Asn Met Thr 245 250 255 Phe Gln Val Gln Trp Leu His Ala Phe Leu Lys Arg Asn Pro Gly Asn 260 265 270 His Leu Tyr Lys Trp Lys Gln Ile Pro Asp Cys Glu Asn Val Lys Thr 275 280 285 Thr Gln Cys Val Phe Pro Gln Asn Val Phe Gln Lys Gly Ile Tyr Leu 290 295 300 Leu Arg Val Gln Ala Ser Asp Gly Asn Asn Thr Ser Phe Trp Ser Glu 305 310 315 320 Glu Ile Lys Phe Asp Thr Glu Ile Gln Ala Phe Leu Leu Pro Pro Val 325 330 335 Phe Asn Ile Arg Ser Leu Ser Asp Ser Phe His Ile Tyr Ile Gly Ala 340 345 350 Pro Lys His Ser Gly Asn Thr Pro Val Ile Gln Asp Tyr Pro Leu Ile 355 360 365 Tyr Glu Ile Ile Phe Trp Glu Asn Thr Ser Asn Ala Glu Arg Lys Ile 370 375 380 Ile Glu Lys Lys Thr Asp Val Thr Val Pro Asn Leu Lys Pro Leu Thr 385 390 395 400 Val Tyr Cys Val Lys Ala Arg Ala His Thr Met Asp Glu Lys Leu Asn 405 410 415 Lys Ser Ser Val Phe Ser Asp Ala Val Cys Glu Lys Thr Lys Pro Gly 420 425 430 Asn Thr Ser Lys Ile Trp Leu Ile Val Gly Ile Cys Ile Ala Leu Phe 435 440 445 Ala Leu Pro Phe Val Ile Tyr Ala Ala Lys Val Phe Leu Arg Cys Ile 450 455 460 Asn Tyr Val Phe Phe Pro Ser Leu Lys Pro Ser Ser Ser Ile Asp Glu 465 470 475 480 Tyr Phe Ser Glu Gln Pro Leu Lys Asn Leu Leu Leu Ser Thr Ser Glu 485 490 495 Glu Gln Ile Glu Lys Cys Phe Ile Ile Glu Asn Ile Ser Thr Ile Ala 500 505 510 Thr Val Glu Glu Thr Asn Gln Thr Asp Glu Asp His Lys Lys Tyr Ser 515 520 525 Ser Gln Thr Ser Gln Asp Ser Gly Asn Tyr Ser Asn Glu Asp Glu Ser 530 535 540 Glu Ser Lys Thr Ser Glu Glu Leu Gln Gln Asp Phe Val 545 550 555 

What is claimed is:
 1. A method for neutralizing biological properties of human type I interferon (IFN), comprising contacting a cell that expresses a human type I interferon receptor (IFN-R) with a monoclonal antibody characterized by the following properties: (a) the monoclonal antibody recognizes an epitope on amino acid sequence 27-427 of SEQ ID NOS: 1 or 2 of the human type I IFN-R; and (b) the monoclonal antibody has a neutralizing capacity in vitro against the antiproliferative or antiviral activity of human type I IFN.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the monoclonal antibody inhibits the binding of a human type I IFN to the human type I IFN-R.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the monoclonal antibody is obtainable from a hybridoma cell prepared by fusion of a myeloma cell with spleen cells from an animal previously immunized with a soluble form of the human type I IFN-R.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the monoclonal antibody recognizes an epitope on a soluble form of human cellular type I IFN-R or of human recombinant type I IFN-R.
 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the monoclonal antibody inhibits in vitro the binding of human type I IFN to human cellular type I IFN-R when said human type I IFN is co-incubated with cells expressing human cellular type I IFN-R, at a concentration of said antibody equal or inferior to 100 μg/ml.
 6. The method of claim 5, wherein said antibody concentration is equal or inferior to 50 μg/ml.
 7. The method of claim 5, wherein said antibody concentration is equal or inferior to 20 μg/ml.
 8. The method of claim 5, wherein said antibody concentration is in the range of about 0.5 to 2 μg/ml.
 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the monoclonal antibody neutralizes in vitro the antiproliferative activity of human type I IFN on Daudi cells at a concentration in a range of 1 to 10 μg/ml.
 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the monoclonal antibody neutralizes in vitro the antiproliferative activity of human type I IFN on LY28 cells at a concentration in a range of 50 to 100 μg/ml.
 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the monoclonal antibody neutralizes in vitro the antiviral activity of human type I IFN on Daudi cells at a concentration in a range of 1 to 50 μg/ml for a concentration of type I IFN in the range of 1 to 1000 units with reference to the international standard MRC69/19.
 12. The method of claim 11, wherein said antibody is at a concentration in a range of 1 to 20 μg/ml.
 13. The method of claim 1, wherein the monoclonal antibody does not bind to human interferon gamma receptor.
 14. The method of claim 1, wherein the monoclonal antibody is an IgG1 type antibody.
 15. A method for neutralizing biological properties of human type I interferon (IFN), comprising contacting a cell that expresses a human type I interferon receptor (IFN-R) with a 64G12 monoclonal antibody directed against the human type I IFN-R, said antibody being deposited at the ECACC on Feb. 26, 1992 under No.
 92022605. 